As an example Darwin noted that the ptarmigan turns white in winter. This colour change, he inferred, helped protect it from predators, which would have a hard time spotting the bird in snow. Ptarmigans that didn't change colour in winter would be spotted easily and eaten. In this way, Darwin implied, ptarmigans that turned white in winter would be more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass this adaptation to future generations.†
References
†“Natural Selection”, http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/evolution/HTML/natural.html
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Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
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